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PS219, Sessions 2 & 3 - Outline<=
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&#=
8226;Democratic
Theories:
&=
#8211;Macro
Theories - Dahl
&=
#8226;Populist
Democracy
&=
#8226;Madisonian
Democracy
&=
#8211;Micro
Theories - Schumpeter
&=
#8226;The
Classical Theory
&=
#8226;“Another”
Theory
&#=
8226;Normative
Theories of Value
On the Importance of Democratic Theory
• “The survival of liberty in our land increasingly depends on =
the
success of liberty in other lands. The best hope for peace in our world is t=
he expansion of
freedom in all the world…
•
• So it is the policy of the United States to seek and support the
growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture,
with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world.”
•
Contexts
•R=
elevance
of Dahl and Schumpeter Texts
–C=
lassic
Texts on Classic Problems
–E=
xcellent
Roadmap Through Theoretical Problems
–D=
esign
of Democratic Systems Directly Affects Policymaking Process and Expected Results
•Historical
Context for Dahl, Schumpeter and Others
Macro and Micro Democratic Theories
Defined
• “Macro” -
Refers to the larger system of democracy; =
How
the basic idea of democracy, rule by the people or “demos,” is
translated into institutions and processes.
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“M=
icro” – Re=
fers
to the narrower topic of theories of representation, or how should leaders =
be =
selected an=
d what
role should they take?
Populist
Democracy - Dahl
•Popular
Sovereignty “when=
ever
policy choices are perceived to exist, the alterna=
tive
selected and enforced as government policy is the alternative most=
preferred b=
y the
members.”
=
•Political Equality – a condition satisfied when in voting on
alternatives “the preference of each member is
assigned an equal value.”
Populist Democracy (Cont.)
•“The
only rule compatible with decision-making in a populist democracy is the majority principle…=
or
majority rule.”
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(Dahl, p. 37)
Problems?
Madisonian Democracy - Dahl
•<=
/span> Hypothesis 1. “If unconstrained by extern=
al checks, any
individual or group of individuals, will tyrannize over others.”
<=
/span>
•
=
;
• Hypot=
hesis
2. “The accumulati=
on of
all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same <=
/span>hands impli=
es the
elimination of external checks.”
•
<=
/div>
Madisonian Democracy (Cont.)
•Hypothesis 4.
“If unconstrained by external checks, a
majority of individuals will tyrannize over a mino=
rity
of individuals.”
=
; &n=
bsp;
(Dahl, pp. 6-7)
•<=
b>Problems?
•<=
b>Madison’s
Answer? (Federalist #10)
•<=
b>Other
Answers?
=
; &n=
bsp;
Classical Democratic Theory=
- Schumpeter
1. The People have a Common=
Will
that defines
a Common Good.
2. Leaders come forward expressing t=
hat
will.
3. The most loyal adherents are elec=
ted.
4. They act on that=
will
or not.
5. They are reelected, or n=
ot, in
the next election.
Problems?
Another Theory of Democracy=
- Schumpeter
•1. Leaders
Compete for the People’s vote on whatever ground they want=
.
•2. A
government is formed through an election of those leaders with the most <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:64.25%;left:12.17%;width:79.4%;height:6.75%=
'>appealing ideas.
•3.
They then act when in office.
•<=
/span>
=
•<=
/span>
=
•<=
/span>
Another Theory of Democracy=
(Cont.)
•4. And they are reelected, or not, based on the =
people̵=
7;s
reaction to those actions, and the ideas of challengers=
•
• Thus
Schumpeter defines: “T=
he
democratic method is that institutional arrangement for =
arriving at
political decisions in which individuals acquire the=
power
to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people’=
;s
vote.” ( p. 269)
• =
Advantag=
es?•
Dahl’s American Hybrid
•The central idea is that neither a minority, <=
/span>nor a majority rules in
America, but
rather that
Minorities
Rule.
•By
this he means that different coalitions govern on different issue=
s at
different times.
Dahl, Cont.
•<=
/span>And THE
QUOTE: “A central guid=
ing
thread of American constitutional development has been the evolution o=
f a
political system in which all the active and legitimate groups in the
population can make themselves heard at some crucial stage in the process=
of
decision.”
• =
; &n=
bsp;
Dahl, p. 137
•Challen=
ged
Immediately by many especially into the 1960s when scholars argued that minorities, and the poor were not realistically part of the proces=
s.
Need-Based Equality
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.62%'>•“Fr=
om Each
According to his Ability;
To
Each According to His Need.”
Vladimir Iliach Ulianov
=
;
Also Known as Lenin
12th Grade Reading Scores: By
Income
Income
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![](3D"slide0014_image003.jpg")
![](3D"slide0015_image004.jpg")
![](3D"slide0021_image005.gif")
The
Effects of Allocation Rules on Equality,
Efficiency, and Freedom
Higher
Lowest
Maximum
Freedom
Lowest
Maximum
Higher
Efficiency
Maximum
Higher
Lowest
Equality
Lottery
Merit
No Intervention
Positive Effects
On:
Based On:
Allocation
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![](3D"slide0017_image007.jpg")